RICHARD WILSON
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Photograph taken in Minsk, Jan. 1992. 
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Monday,  April 15th, Patriots Day, saw terrorism in Boston.   As we mourn for those killed and wounded, and prepare for worse,  we must contemplate how lucky we are in the USA.   Tragedies such as this happen every day in Iraq and Syria is far worse.  Let us redouble our efforts to make the whole world safe.    We must also  contemplate that these bombs had an explosive power of a few pounds of TNT;   5 billion times less that Andree Sakharov's 1964 Nuovo Zembla test.   I am deeply disturbed that Americans are careless about words and thereby misinform the public.   10 pounds of TNT is NOT a weapon of mass destruction.   Nor even are the chemical weapons used in WWI.   The real weapons of mass destruction are nuclear weapons and biological weapons.   To misuse the word encourages a dangerous complacency.

While all people are very concerned when one human being kills another, and more so when it is a terrorist attack.  Yet we must all be aware that  same week saw an explosion at a fertilizer plant in West, Texas which killed more people and did more damage that the Marathon bombers.  While we must await full information it appears that in addition to anhydrous ammonia   which is not explosive,  there was 500,000 ponds (250 tons) of ammonium nitrate which was not properly rendered inert by addition of urea. Press reports say this was true of over 44 Texas communities    Apparently farmers object to the obvious precaution of adding urea because the fertilizer will stink.   Although that would not have prevented a terror attack (because the urea can be removed easily) it would have made the plant safe for accidents.


We are also shattered by the collapse of the top 4 floors of 7 story building in Savar, a suburb 25 km NW of  Dhaka, Bangladesh.  Andree and I  drove through Savar 2 years ago.   According to a reliable report from Dhaka Community Hospital (DCH) the building was approved at 3 stories high and the top floors with the garment factories were illegal.  This accident killed over 1000 people mostly women garment workers.  It is tragic that although women have gained a degree of independence by finding a job in the city rather than staying in the country,  they have been open to exploitation.  Any visitor to Dhaka can see many such dangerous  buildings.   We should worry about earthquakes which would bring many buildings down with a a tragedy greater than that in Haiti 2 years ago.  That would be terrible but the stupidity of the building owner in ignoring developing cracks makes a bad situation worse.   We had a tragedy like in Savar in the garment district in the USA a century ago.   A major part of the solution was a garment workers union.  Bangladesh needs one.  

The question also arises "How do we in the western world help the developing countries?"  "Refuse to buy garments from them and reducing the national income of Bangladesh by 30%?"  "send money to a corrupt government to distribute?"   Our personal solution is to bypass the government and send money to the Dhaka Community Hospital Trust (DCH),  a charity hospital which offers a minimum of health care for everyone.   The DCH staff were fully occupied after the SAVAR accident in helping in the situation.    DCH is also a major group who have been concerned with the nation's arsenic pollution problem.   As noted below,  we have been helping through the 501(c)3 charity the ARSENIC FOUNDATION Inc. While this is for helping on the arsenic problem, sending funds releases funds for general help to the poor.  Any donations will be forwarded without any overhead.

Another financial fact raises another paradox.   Although more people were killed in Sandy Hook Ct by the rampage of a young man who took his mother's guns, that in the Boston Marathon bombings the funds for helping the victims are in the other order ($32 million for the marathon bombing survivors vs $3 million for the Sandy hook victims.   A part of that is that compensation for a disabled person can far exceed compensation to the family of a dead one.  This simple statement should be pondered by everyone.   Is this what society wants?

 

 

 


Richard Wilson, born in London, England 87 years ago in 1926, has been at Harvard University since 1955 where he is now Mallinckrodt Professor of Physics, (emeritus)  Richard Wilson has been an affiliate of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies  and of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at the Kennedy School of Government.  His CV shows that he is the author or coauthor of 935 published articles and papers.    See also charts of Richard Wilson's ancestors and descendants and Andree Wilson's ancestors.  Richard and Andree Desiree Wilson live in Newton Centre where Andree tends her fine garden.  In particular look at the web site of Elaine Wilson,  a fine landscape painter.      Richard Wilson, the physicist, may be found most days in Jefferson Laboratory of Physics room 257 at Harvard University.  A page of photographs of Richard Wilson over the years can be found here.  Richard Wilson believes that the international drug trade is far more destructive of society than Al Qaeda or the Ayotollas in Iran.  Keeping perspective was a major theme of the book "Risk-Benefit Analysis" by Richard Wilson and Edmund A. Crouch, available from.   Harvard University Press and on the book  stands; As a sample, see the Table of Contents the first pages of the book and some  comments on the book.  He has recently self published an autobiography: "Physics is Fun" : Memoirs of a Life in Physics   ISBN 978-0-615-42158-2  This is  NOW available from MIRA DIGITAL PUBLISHING   St Louis Missouri, USA.at $24.99 or electronic version for $9.99. (click to order in either paperback or electronic copy in either of 2 formats)  (www.mirasmart.com) or order from AMAZON.

  Recent interests include: understanding and advertizing the uses of charged particles in radiotherapy and his history of the Harvard cyclotrons shows how much of this began.  Studying cancer at old age; the problem of chronic arsenic exposure: various Human Rights activities; experiments on parity violation in electron proton scattering at CEBAF. They also include a major interest in analyzing and trying to understand, risks; how to reduce them, how important individual risks may be. 10 times as many people were killed on the roads last year as were killed on September 11th 2001.   He also has a major interest in analyzing and trying to understand, risks; how to reduce them, how important individual risks may be. Ten times as many people were killed on the roads last year as were killed on September 11th 2001.   The international drug trade may be far more destructive to society than Al Qaeda.     He is the President of the ARSENIC FOUNDATION which is dedicated to helping to avoid the arsenic poisoning from drinking contaminated water supplies in SE Asia.

Elementary Particle Physics

   Richard Wilson was awarded the degree of D. Phil. at  Oxford University in 1949 for a thesis on the photodisintegration of the  deuteron.  With Clark and Roberts he used the principle of detailed balance to measure the spin of the pi zero meson at Rochester in 1951. He then studied  nucleon-nucleon scattering at AERE Harwell, and the Harvard Cyclotron laboratory   for many years.  The Harvard Cyclotron had its first beam on June 3rd 1949 and celebrated its 50th anniversary in 1999 with a conference.  Richard Wilson, together with Karl  Strauch and Andreas Koehler led an  upgrade of the cyclotron in 1955 and led a program in uses of polarized protons  to study the nucleon nucleon interaction. Then he moved to a study of nucleon  structure by electron-proton scattering at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator  from 1963 to 1970,  and muon proton scattering at Fermilab in the E98  and E665 collaborations.  Richard Wilson was an early proponent of electron-electron  and electron positron colliding beams with a tentative proposal in 1956, and  a definitive proposal in 1962. Richard Wilson was a participant in the CEA "bypass"  program which demonstrated an unusually large cross section  for producing  hadrons.  He has worked at a number of research reactors, cyclotrons, synchrotrons,  linear accelerators and colliding beam facilities.    He  worked until November 2001 in the CLEO  collaboration  at what is now the Laboratory for Particle Physics    using the electron-positron colliding  beam facility at Cornell University,   when the Harvard group formally  left the collaboration.   He is still participating in scattering  of polarized electrons from protons   at CEBAF.        .

 

 

 

 

    He is still involved in experiments on parity violation in electron proton scattering and comparison of neutron and proton radii at CEBAF (Jefferson National Laboratory at Newport News VA)  and on an asymmetry in neutron decay
 .

Human Rights

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   Both Andree and Richard Wilson have been concerned about the disadvantaged in the world all their lives.  We were both happy that in 1945 America was known throughout the world for its optimism, its enthusiasm, its generosity even to the defeated countries (the Marshall Plan) and it's responsibility to those who defended her (the GI Bill).   By 2011 these have disappeared and as we contemplate the terrible evenst on 9/11 and again on 11/11/11 we  remember these important American ideals that these veterans fought to defend.   When opportunity arises, which it does all too often, they engages in various Human Rights activities A short summary of Richard Wilson's human rights activities since the 1960s is available here.   Richard Wilson is serves on the Board of Directors of the  Andrey Sakharov Foundation of New York which endeavors to continue the work of Andrei Dmitreyvich Sakharov in  Human Rights and Human progress.   It is now 45 years since Sakharov's famous article on "Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom".    A major conference to discuss this and implications for the future was held on 24th and 25th October 2008 hosted by Harvard University and the American Academy for Arts and Sciences.    Andrei's widow,  Elena Bonner, valiantly fought to preserve the memory of Andrei.   Here is a personal tribute to Yelena Georgovna Bonner.  He joined a fact finding group,  led by Baroness Cox,  President of Christian Solidarity worldwide, that visited the  Armenian-Azerbaijan border in May 1991 and reported  thereon to the first  Sakharov conference on physics two days later.    Professor Wilson attended,   (and talked at)  a conference on self-determination of peoples  in Moscow on June  27th to July 1st 1999.   He helped Dr Stanislaw Suskevich, then Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, and de facto head of state,  set up the Sakharov College of Radioecology in 1991.  Richard Wilson was the first Chairman of the International Advisory Committee.    This is now the  International  Sakharov Environmental University (mirror site). In many of the issues which arise throughout the world Richard Wilson has been asked to sign petitions,  support divestitures, participate in boycotts or otherwise join in actions of others.  Whether Richard Wilson has signed, or declined to sign, one party or another, often close friends have disagreed and Richard Wilson has often been misquoted.   A more detailed discussion of boycotts etc is on a separate page.   Richard Wilson is especially proud to be the recipient of the Andrei Sakharov prize of the American Physical Society in 2012.     After meeting Andrei Sakharov in 1979 Richard Wilson actively worked for his memory   Wilson spoke about his meetings with Sakharov in acknowledgement of the prize.

    Professor and Mrs. (Andree) Wilson are both concerned that there are a number of festering trouble spots around the world, Kashmir,   Sri Lanka,  Ireland, Pakistan tribal areas, Israel and Palestine, where hatred and anger which have built up over 60 years  have replaced thought  on both sides.  Each party to a conflict has a duty to ensure the human rights  of each and every individual on the other  side, yet these human rights frequently get ignored.  Unless these 60 year old quarrels are faced by the whole world, the whole world  will be plunged into conflict.   There is an unfortunate similarity between these trouble spots.  India, Russia and Israel, each the stronger party in their respective conflicts,  Kashmir, Chechnya and the Holy Land, took President Bush's "war on terrorism" to imply US approval to subdue the other party using extreme terror attacks of their own.

     In 1492 Columbus "sailed the ocean blue" and it has been customary to celebrate his discovery of America.   5 centuries later we look at it in a different light.  We also remember that in 1492 the "wicked" Christians drove the Muslims and Jews out of Spain to go to distant countries:  Holland, Eastern Europe, North Africa.  On May 14th 1948 the state of Israel was founded.  Will it take 5 centuries to remember the effect on the Palestinian population in their NAKBA?     A brief discussion of the history by a non-Zionist Jew  can be found here.

    In particular Israelis have a  right to live in peace and security but not to  impinge on the human  rights  of Palestinians.  Palestinians have a right to govern their own  affairs,  but  not  to take the lives of Israelis.   Both Richard and Andree Wilson were encouraged by the 2002 initiative of Crown Prince (now King) Abdullah, which was supported by an unusual unanimous vote in the Arab League.     Although not an Arab country, Iran would have gone along.  Under this initiative, these countries, including the Palestinian Authority, would have  recognized the State of Israel and opened diplomatic relations,  in exchange for Israel recognizing the boundaries outlined in UN security council resolution 242 with small agreed modifications, and some recognition of the harm done to those Palestinians who were  forced from their homes in 1948.   If this initiative had taken place in April 1967 Israelis might have been dancing for joy in the streets!   This was reopened by King Abdullah  in  March 2007.    We ware very disappointed that it was ignored by the governments of Israel and the USA. If the USA and Israel would take this seriously,  the state of Israel, within its 1949 borders, would by now be recognized by all parties, including Iran.   In 2013 the US Foreign Minister, Mr Kerry,  raised it again in April 2013 "pretending" that it was a new issue with new modifications.    Hopefully someone will listen this time.
 
 
    In April 2009 President Obama promised a new approach.   In summer 2009 he asked for Israel to undertake a total freeze on new settlements.  This was clearly a Line in the Sand.  Mr Netanyahu refused and for many months the US administration did nothing.      As described in the Times in March 25th 2010 the President of the USA met Mr Netanyahu, and forcefully insisted he comply with a total freeze, in writing.  See also the JTA News service.  By this action he tried to show that he controls US foreign policy.  But Mr Netanyahu declined to do so and was given a standing ovation in the US  Congress.   This shows unequivocally that Mr Netantaho has more control over US foreign policy than the US President.  For 20 years The US  has preferred a "peace process" to peace.   The Palestinians want to move it from a position in the UN.  Thomas Friedman in the Times complained that we are not going back to the beginning.   Yet Friedman  fails to tell us where and when the beginning was.   I outline several possibilities here..  The US has an ultimate, very simple, possible method of persuasion.   To withhold all subsidy to Israel, civilian or military from the US government till the settlement freeze is implemented and perhaps to demand that the first use of any future civilian aid be to repair and reconstruct the damage done in Gaza by the Israeli defense forces.     In May 2011 Mr Obama repeated the official US position which has been the position for the last 40 years.   At last he seems to recognize that the US is not an "honest broker".     In 1970 I did not believe what colleagues told me - that the attack on the ship "Liberty" was almost deliberate but now we have the stories of the survivors it is clear.    I then argued that the claim that the US is an "host broker " an exaggeration.  I never realized how dishonest the US was till the book "Brokers of Deceit" by the historian Rashid Khaldi came out.  But Mr Netanyahu resolutely rejects the official US position.   We understand why politically Mr Obama would have to veto any proposal in the UN security council to accept Palestine as a state.   But the US has nothing left to offer.  Only Mr Netanyahu can do so.  But Mr Netanyahu has said nothing than might give the Palestinians hope since he took over as Prime Minister after Mr Rabin was assassinated.

  
  The reaction by Israel, encouraged by the USA, to the behavior of Hezbollah on the Lebanese border in 2006 was horrifying.   Hezbollah, had been considered too extreme for most Arabs, now became heroes.   Interestingly and hopefully,  Hezbollah seems to have turned this success (mostly) to more peaceful political activities inside Lebanon.  If more political power is given to  the poor Shia who have been underrepresented based upon the 1935 census in Lebanon, hopefully violence will cease. The behavior of the IDF in Gaza is worse.   Anyone who doubts this should see the report "the Hell that is Gaza" by the journalist Mohanmmed Omer.   It is with a deep sense of shame that I note that the refusal to even study the matter as Judge Goldstone suggested is a denial of civilized behavior.  The actual vote is here.  Other international bodies are also loath to act.   In spring 2009 a boat loaded with relief supplies for Gaza was captured on the high seas in international waters.  This was repeated with loss of life in 2010.   I thought at first that these ware acts of piracy (according to UN definitions) which were clearly worse than the acts off the Somali coast that were condemned by the UN as recently as 2011.  Yet the UN was silent.   But the acts seem to be  worse than piracy.   Ordinary use of words tells us that they are acts of war against the owners of the ships.  The UN has equivocated.    In 2013 Obama got Netanyahu to formally apologize to Turkey.   But some families of those Turks killed insist that they do not accept any apology and reject compensation till the embargo on supplies to Gaza is lifted. 

    At the "Conference on a Nuclear Free World" in Moscow in February 1987, a European leader made a  challenge:  "Don't test bombs; test Gorbachev."  President Reagan did just that, walked with Secretary Gorbachev  in the woodland of a lakeside estate on Lake Geneva,  and the cold war came to an end.   We urge that the leaders of Israel do the same.
 

     Two Professors, one from Harvard and the other from Chicago,  describe how Israel has dominated US foreign policy and foreign aid in the last 35 years.  This article, stating what to us is obvious,  has been heavily criticized.   Former President Jimmy Carter likened the behavior of the present Israeli government to the apartheid of South Africa.   Ambassador John Gunther Dean, a US citizen, a refugee from Nazi discrimination,  commented on his 80th birthday.   Some Americans take bold and individual action.   Rachel Corrie stood  in front of a bulldozer that was, illegally according to most non-US interpretations of international law, demolishing houses and carelessly demolished Rachel Corrie.    The  letters to her family describe her commitment to peace.   Such bravery is uncommon.   A call for an independent investigation into this murder got nowhere.  

        In 2008  the world has gotten so used to the Israeli occupation of  Palestinian territories and lives, that even the word occupation is often forgotten, as Avnery describes.  Some governments state that "we will never negotiate with terrorists".   The alternative to negotiation is killing.  As Winston Churchill once said "Jaw, jaw, jaw, is better than war, war,war."    A century ago a US  leader said "speak softly and carry a big stick."     We note that the coming to power of persons belonging to revolutionary - even terrorist - movements is common.  In  North America in the 18th century "terrorists" helped to found the USA.  Peace in Northern Ireland, hopefully becoming permanent, seems only to have been achieved when the terrorists were brought into the political process and the government.    A number of Jewish intellectuals including Albert Einstein, in a letter to the New York Times in 1948, warned against Mr Begin, leader of the terrorist group,  Irgun Zvai Leumi.  Mr Begin had been condemned to death, in absentia, by a British court.   Yet the Israelis, freely elected him as their Prime Minister in the 1970s and he won the Nobel Peace Prize.  
   
    We do not believe anyone does, or ever will, fully understood who did  what, and to whom, and why,  in respect to Gaza and Hamas. But the change between 1930 when Arab parents had their children born  in the Gaza hospital because it was superior to any hospital in the Gulf, and  the situation of today tells what we need to know.  Although we are told that Palestinians had the highest education of any group in the Arab world, this does not lead to the respect they deserve. The whole world has failed. No one person can stand aside and say: "I was not responsible".  The whole world must act to remedy the situation. It will be long. It will be hard. It will involve soul searching. The "right to exist" of the whole human race is at stake.    Of course many possible solutions exist. The people who live in Palestine have one. Let the Palestinians  have free, full and  unfettered access to all other peoples in the world by air, by sea  and by land with no restraint.   No one seems to mention this honorable solution any more.  On Monday May 31st 2010 a flotilla of 6 ships bound for Gaza with humanitarian cargo was boarded by Israeli commandos in International waters.   If the boarding was "private" it would have been piracy.  But since it was a state actor it was an act of war against the owner of every ship and every passenger.  Others seem to wish for the Palestinians to vanish from the face of the earth so that no one,  except a few academic historians, would ever have  to think of them again. Isolationism has never been far from the minds of narrow minded politicians.  Accidental isolation is  bad.  Deliberate isolation is worse!  Apartheid is also bad.   But one of these seems to be happening.

World attempts to avert problems

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    World War I was hailed by the "Allies"  England, France and later USA, as a "war to end all wars".   Alas, that was too optimistic and the League of Nations that was founded at the peace treaty collapsed in the 1930s because of a failure of the leading countries to follow through.  In May 1945 there was a new start in the "United Nations."   The UN deliberately set itself restrictions to avoid being swamped.     The UN countries would try to prevent attacks by one country on another, but not intervene in local squabbles.   But in the 1980s the USA and other countries encouraged the break up of a UN country Yugoslavia.   In 2003 the USA intervened a founding member of the UN,  Iraq, contrary to the desires of the UN and without (overt) support of any neighboring country.   Having dismembered Yugoslavia NATO helped Kosovo to break away from Serbia.   The effects of this are profound, both on the US economy, and perhaps most important on the view of the world's population about the policies of the United States.     It gave a precedent and encouraged Russia to recognize breakaway regions of Georgia.   Just as USA has had the Monroe doctrine for over 150 years and likes to control its neighbors, so Russia wants to control its neigbours and resents the influence of countries in a distant continent.    The desire to control OIL supplies is an unspoken but very much on the surface.    It has been so since Winston Churchill, as first Lord of the (UK) admiralty bought a controlling interest in the Anglo-Iranian oil company in 1912.  
 
     Yugoslavia was created by the Treaty of Versailles originally as the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and by 1945 as a Federation.   It must not be forgotten that Russia supported the Serbs in July 1914 when Austria (including Croatia and Slovenia at the time) attacked bringing on WWI.  In WWII the refusal of the young King Peter to allow Hitler free passage of troops through Yugoslavia led to occupation and a valiant resistance.   This delayed the Nazi attack on USSR by 6 weeks,  which was, perhaps crucial in allowing the USSR to survive that terrible summer.   A segment of Croations formed the Ustashe which allied itself with Hitler and slaughtered between 200,000 and 500,000 Serbs.  After the death of President Tito,  who had kept the Federation together for nearly 40 years, Serbs were trying to assert themselves after many years of what many of them  considered to be Croatian (Tito) rule.   Some countries, members of the UN,  started to be active in what has been construed by others as an encouragement for the federation to break apart.  Of course the later atrocities committed by ethnic Serbs, in Bosnia in particular, set much of the developed world against Serbia and the federation did break apart completely.   But starting in the 1990s, a more serious trend began.  Much of the world turned against Serbia itself as the Serbs struggled with dissension in a part of Serbia proper - Kosovo.   This resulted in a bombing of Belgrade - the 3rd time Belgrade was bombed in half a century.  (1941 by the Nazis, 1944 by the Americans and again in 1990s by NATO).  Now in February 2008, a unilateral Declaration of Independence has been declared in Kosovo,   without support of the UN security council.    Worse still it was immediately recognized by many European countries and the USA who are, at least technically, flouting the UN.  This has set back the idea of peaceful world approach to disagreements.   It is instructive to list the nations which have not recognized Kosovo.  They include Russia, Spain, and India which have secessionist movements of their own.   It is too early to see how this will play out.    The opinion of one Harvard physics department staff member is eloquently expressed on his website.   The Balkans, in the turmoil as the Ottoman empire disintegrated,  have been the site of far too many excellent novels and plays - such as Bernard Shaw's "Arms and the Man" (about the 1885 war) for anyone to feel comfortable about the future.    King Alexander, in spite of intensive struggle in the 1920s, was unable to get the people in his expanded country to agree and he was assassinated  in 1934 by a Macedonian activist, allegedly acting with Croat separatists.  The Serbs in 1941+ and more recently after 1985 have paid very heavily for King Alexander's failure.

        You may download a number of letters by Andree and Richard Wilson sent to the President of the USA and to various other people including newspapers .  

 

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Weapons of Mass Destruction

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    On August 8th 1945 the world changed.  Mankind learned how to destroy itself.- As pointed out in a presented at a seminar on planetary emergencies in May 2003.   While there were several occasions in the cold war between USSR and USA where the nuclear holocaust seemed only days away,  and many in the armed forces of both the USA and the USSR were unduly bellicose,  wiser heads prevailed in all the major confrontations.   In facing this issue which will be with us till the end of the human race, short term considerations have no place.  While secrecy has its importance for short term issues, only open governments can help us.  Truth and understanding are essential.   World understanding and agreement on these issues is vital and the split between the USA/UK and the UN over Iraq is tragic, and may have set serious control of nuclear weapons back 50 years.    That it was based in part on an assessment, by governments and newspapers (see next section)  alike, of Iraqi possession of weapons of mass destruction which more knowledgeable people knew did not exist.  The result is tragic.  The US refusal to ratify the nuclear test ban treaty, in spite of unequivocal recommendation by a study by its highest scientific advisory panel shows a disregard for truth and sends awful signals to the world.    After a forward looking and generous approach to other countries desire to participate in the many fruits of peaceful nuclear technology,  codified in the Nuclear Non Proliferation Treaty (NPT), The US continual violations of the spirit, if not the letter, of Articles IV and VI  and since the agreements with India of the violations of Articles I and II is troubling and suggests the world needs a new start on non-proliferation..  

    Although we regret that India decided to make nuclear weapons, their policy of a "minimal nuclear deterrent" is far better than the policy of the USA which has 9,000 bombs at the present moment and can inflict unacceptable damage on any adversary with less than 100.  Even 50 is enough to scare us.   I attach here introductory comments at a session on non proliferation in summer 2006.  The present (2003) approach to US foreign policy is addressed, much better than I can, in a speech, shamelessly copied here, in Vermont about September 2002 by a retired US diplomat:  Ambassador Ron Speirs.

    The control of nuclear weapons has been a major concern since 1945.   The nuclear non proliferation treaty was meant to address this.   But our opinion is that it is effectively dead and it was killed primarily by the attitude of the USA.   In the court of public opinion outside the USA the USA has violated 4 sections of the treaty.   It is useless to discuss whether legally they are violations of international law.   The world must start again to discuss how we are going to control these dangerous weapons 

 

Undesirable Control by the Pentagon

    Although the USA is civilized enough to have a strong degree of control of its' military might by elected civilians  open to public scrutiny, this has gone backwards in the last 50 years. Perhaps the first sign of trouble began in the UK in 1950 when Winston Churchill changed the name of the War Department to Defense Department. Since 2001 in the USA it has steadily got worse and Defense is cited as a justification for War.. I am far from expert but can immediately see items that should, indeed must, be cut. Firstly the spending for "missile defense" should be eliminated. As outlined in a report to the Seminar on Planetary Emergencies it has been clear for 40 years that an antiballisic missile program is  is counter productive.  Wolfgang Panofsky  expressed the issue very clearly in 2007:

"Scientific-technical realities cannot be overruled by political decisions without resulting in grave risks to the nation." 
Indeed his last words,  entitled
 
"Missiles no Defense"

were published in the San Francisco Chronicle 2 days after his death from a heart attack in 2007.   The US is prosperous enough that it can afford this waste of money.   But the extraordinary danger is misleading the American public into believing that a technical solution is possible for a major world wide problem which will last as long as human civilization..   That can only weaken the diplomatic efforts which are essential for the future existence of mankind.


    Several  pentagon apologists have argued to reduce the number of active nuclear weapons to 1000.   There is no mention of the many more that can be restored within weeks. Yet it is clear that even 100 nuclear weapons is enough to scare any ordinary assailant.   Again I have argued this among other matters, at the Seminar on Planetary Emergencies in Erice, Sicily in August 2007.    Some apologists for the restrictions installed by President Bush  argue that the secret work of the Department of Homeland Security has made America more secure. I strongly doubt it and believe that the secrecy is mostly used to cover up incompetence.  Only occasionally can secrecy be justified. I have made a military analogy. One needs to keep tactical information - what one plans for the next few weeks - secret but it is wise to make potential adversaries aware of strategic options to avoid unnecessary collisions. In the security field, I am aware in general, for example, of the weak points of many industrial facilities  (particularly nuclear power plants) and say so: But the detail of how to attack a particular plant is best addressed on a need to know basis.

 

 

    We argue and even insist  that there are many countries and even more situations that the USA does not understand and our military presence can do more harm than good. Good intentions are not enough as Johnson and others are often paraphrased: "The road to Hell is paved with good intentions". Our 2001 involvement with Afghanistan was prompted by the desire to bring Osama bin Laden to justice. He is now dead, and we should leave Afghanistan sooner (in 2011) rather than later. The British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher reminded the USA in 1980, that the British tried to control Afghanistan but lost 3 wars there in the 19th century - including, so the story says, wounding Dr Watson who was Sherlock Holmes assistant.  It is now widely recognized that the entry into Iraq in 2003 was a mistake. Secrecy played a major part here. The Pentagon seemed to believe and ask the US people to act on false information as described in a report I gave to the Seminar on Planetary Emergencies. US actions there have helped to upset the stability of that country  (Iraq) .

    The  increase i the number of US troops in the area to 40,000 was sheer madness. US military presence there is not necessary for defense of the USA and any proposal for world peace should rely in the first place on the countries in the Golf region and on the UN. But a case could be made for the reasons stated by Admiral Zumwalt in 1975 and repeated several times.   Our presence on the Gulf was and is for protection of the oil trade routes from,   the oil rich countries of the Gulf in the words of a stupidlydangerous neighbor to protect "our"oil. . To that extent military presence might be desirable but it should be paid for by a specific charge on oil coming from there and no by the US taxpayer just as use of the Suez canal is paid for by a charge on shipping.  Of course simple arithmetic suggests that might double the price of gasoline!  Alas in financial and political discussions in 2011, neither Democratic party activists nor Republicans (not even the tea party) address these real issues.

Elementary Particle Physics

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   Richard Wilson was awarded the degree of D. Phil. at  Oxford University in 1949 for a thesis on the photo disintegration of the  deuteron.  He traveled to the USA in June 1950 for a position in Rochester NY.  With Clark and Roberts he used the principle of detailed balance to measure the spin of the pi zero meson at Rochester in March 1951. (see a story about this in his notes about Marshak) He then studied  nucleon-nucleon scattering at AERE Harwell, and the Harvard Cyclotron laboratory for many years.  The Harvard Cyclotron had its first beam on June 3rd 1949  and celebrated its 50th anniversary  in 1999 with a conference.  Richard Wilson, together with Karl  Strauch and Andreas Koehler led an  upgrade of the cyclotron in 1955 and led a program in uses of polarized protons  to study the nucleon nucleon interaction.   The story can be found in a history of the Harvard cyclotrons; In addition to this web based history,  a small hard copy book  on sale at Harvard University Press.

    Then Richard Wilson moved to a study of nucleon  structure by electron-proton scattering at the Cambridge Electron Accelerator  from 1963 to 1970,  and muon proton scattering at Fermilab in the E98  and E665 collaborations.  Richard Wilson was an early proponent of electron-electron  and electron positron colliding beams with a tentative proposal in 1956, and  a definitive proposal in 1962. Richard Wilson was a participant in the CEA "bypass"  program which demonstrated an unusually large cross-section  for producing  hadrons (see published papers 150,152,155,158).  He has worked at a number of research reactors, cyclotrons, synchrotrons,  linear accelerators and colliding beam facilities.    He  worked  in the CLEO collaboration   using the electron-positron colliding  beam facility at Cornell University,   until November 2001 when the Harvard group formally  left the collaboration.   He is still participating in scattering of polarized electrons from protons at CEBAF which provides information on the strange quark form factor in the nucleon.     He also is participating in an experiment on "little a" in decay of polarized neutrons.  More details are available in his published papers.

Risk Analysis

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    Starting in 1972 Richard Wilson became a leader in the developing field of Risk Analysis.   His book, Risk-Benefit Analysis, coauthored with Edmund A.C. Crouch is widely regarded in the field.   This led to his active concern in many subjects:  Radiation,  Chemical Carcinogens, Air Pollution, Potential Climate Change,  Arsenic, Nuclear Weapons.  This has led to an article in the journal Risk Analysis which has been complimented.    

Radiation and its uses

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   Richard Wilson has used radiation and ionizing particles all of his professional life.  Most of the time he has carried out research into the structure of nuclei and of elementary particles.   But he is very interested in beneficial uses of nuclear technology.  In addition to the work with the Harvard Cyclotron noted above, he Is also  interested in  wise and appropriate uses of nuclear energy for electricity  production.  One of his interests and specialties is understanding the risks  of misuse   of radiation and technologies involving radiation.  This is exemplified by a recent Resource  Letter on health effects of radiation that he has written  for the American Physical Society.  For these and other reasons he was asked (by the Chairman  of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus) to help found the International Sakharov  College of Radioecology,  in Minsk, Belarus  and be the Chairman of its' International Advisory Committee (which position he held until 2001). This has now become the (International Sakharov Environmental University) (mirror site) on the tenth anniversary of the opening  (in May  2002) of this  university, Dr. Frantisek Janouch, from the Czech Republic and Sweden, gave an admonition to students (in Russian and in English) to think carefully whether they deserved to use the Sakharov name.   At the ninth anniversary (Sakharov's 80th birthday),   Richard Wilson told  the students his memories about Sakharov.   Richard Wilson has followed closely the Russian and Ukrainian  radiation accidents at Chernobyl in the Ukraine, and the accidents at the Techa River and the Mayak production complex in  the Ural mountains. This interest also  led him to become editor of the English Translation of the Russian Journal  Radiation and Risk which is published by the Russian Medical Research Laboratory in Obninsk and is mainly about effects of  Chernobyl. In  1987 he visited Chernobyl  with a Chicago TV crew and the resulting  film (Back to Chernobyl)  was on public television in late 1988.  He was among the first in the USA to emphasize the importance of the Russian  radiation accidents in the  1950 - 60 period.  In that period, for example, 2 million Curies of radioactive material were dumped into the upper reaches of the Techa river.  The effects  have been  studied  for  40 years by a dedicated  group of  physicians and scientists in the Urals Center for Radiation Medicine (URCRM) in Chelyabinsk. See also public comment on EPA proposals to regulate DOE facilities, and tighten standards for uranium in drinking water.  Richard Wilson is also spokesman for a group "Scientists  for Secure Waste Storage" who are supporting the Skull Valley Band of Goshute Indians who would like to store nuclear waste (temporarily) on their reservation.   Although after 7 years the  the Nuclear Regulatory Commission is ready to grant a license,  the politicians  in Utah,  both the Governor and the Senators, have vowed to oppose it.   They persuaded the US Bureau of Land Management to deny use of land to transfer casks from rail to road and to deny the right to make a long term agreement.  SSWS sent in a brief supporting the Goshutes, and the Bureau of Indian Affairs to deny the right to make a long term agreement.   More detail on some radiation issues is available in a separate page on this site.    The Japanese earthquake and Tsunami has been a test of nuclear ideas.  He argues that at Fukushima  evacuation was unnecessary.  It was bad for public health because no consideration was given to the health hazards of unprepared and unnecessary evacuation.     In the USA radiation standards for clean up of radioactive material are far tighter tyhan necessary and that has led to unconscionable delay in clean up of weapons sites such as Hanford reservation.

Those who favor new energy technologoes  argue that even iof they are too expessive now, there will be a "learning curve" and they will became cheaper.  yet these same people object when I ask for a real study of the "foegtting curve" displayed by commercial nuclear power plant implentation.   Nuclear power was cheap - cheaper than coal - in 1971.   This statement is based upon actual charges by the raeactor ioperator to the distributor of electricity - the busbar cost.  WHY IS IT NOW SO MUCH MORE EXPENSIVE?  (Both capital costand operating cost) \ The cost cannot be due to safety improvements.   The main safety improvement is careful analysis acooring toRasmussen's procedure, and analysis is cheap.   A large part is intrasigent opposition by a segment of the population which have persuaded the politicians at every stage.  Why do we wrorry about disposal of radioactive materials which last only thousands of years yet mercury and arsenic last foever?  Why is a secure land fill for ordinary wastee one which is guanteed fior 30 years whereas one fior nuclear waste must last 1,000,000 years?   The accident at Fukushima killed nobody by radiation, and the calculated figures for future radiation cancers will never be fully verified by expeirment yet there are definite deaths from unnecessary evacuation.   (http://users.physics.harvard.edu/%7Ewilson/publications/pp932.doc)

Chemical carcinogens

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   Since it is undesirable and unethical to carry out experiments upon people, mankind has carried out experiments on animals, usually  rodents, to  understand which substances are carcinogens.  The way in which the risk of cancer in people is derived from the risk of cancer in animals becomes of great importance and is discussed .  Starting in 1979, Richard Wilson and co-workers have written a series of papers on  chemical carcinogens ,  on interspecies  comparisons in particular and research is continuing on cancer at old age.   It appears that above age 80 age specific cancer incidence falls for all tumor sites, vanishing between ages 100 and 105.    This fall off is too sharp to be explained by a variation in sensitivity.

Energy and the Environment

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    Richard Wilson noted as early as 1972 that energy problems in the USA are environment problems.  He started the Energy and Environment Policy Center at Harvard University, in 1976, and in 1989 started the New England Center of the National Institute for Global Environmental Change (NIGEC) .   His organization of an energy session at the Boston meeting of the American Physical Society in 1973 reflects this.   He was a colleague of Professor Roger Revelle who was a mentor of Senator Al Gore who popularizzed the issue.   They noted that CARBON as it comes out of the ground is easy to monitor.  For it is at this point that the amounts are recorded for payment.Yet politicians want to control emissions sector by sector with huge expense and inefficiency.   The Lieberman-Warner Bill and the Waxman-Markey bills in the US House of Representatives are loaded with pork.      It has been said that they are pork barrel bills with a veneer of climate change.   Some experts, including James Hansen of NASA believe that it is best to abandon them and start again. Regulating carbon as it comes out of the ground with no exceptions  and returning any funds from an auction of permits to general funds leaves less room for pork and inefficiency. Maybe the desire to cater to special interests is why politicians and financiers are reluctant to control upstream.  In this he was encouraged by the  Cantwell-Collins bill submitted to the US Senate.   Alas that bill  was too sensible, and had no pork barrel, to get anywhere. 

Fine Particles in Air pollution

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  Richard Wilson is concerned with many environmental  issues.  In particular he is interested in risks of much greater magnitude   than those of nuclear radiation.  He published with others a book "Health Effects of Fossil Fuel Burning" in 1982 which was updated in an edited volume in  1996: "Particles in Our Air: Concentrations  and Health Effects" distributed by Harvard University Press .  In this he and his coauthors argued that fine particles in air pollution pose a considerable hazard, (some tens of thousand deaths yearly in the USA) and there is probably a linear relationship between dose of these particles and the effect on health.  Although this was widely disputed in 1982, the further work has led more and more experts to agree with this basic conclusion.

 Arsenic

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   The research into chemical carcinogens naturally leads to a desire to understand the carcinogens that pose the largest risks to life.   He has therefore been active in emphasizing the chronic health effects of  prolonged doses of arsenic. He was one of the first to realize the importance of the studies by C.J. Chen in Taiwan which were published in the USA in 1986 and ignored by the US EPA for many years.   In Inner Mongolia  in 1994 and more recently  in Bangladesh  he has emphasized the magnitude of the catastrophe.  He  started the the Arsenic web site project  at the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, School  of Public Health, and Parsons laboratory at MIT.  This project  aims to cover arsenic problems world  wide   but in view of the magnitude  of the catastrophe has Bangladesh  as a  main focus.  Indeed Richard Wilson has often stated that the Bangladesh Catastrophe makes Chernobyl look like a Sunday School picnic.  In that he has never been contradicted or questioned.    As a particular project, he is helping the scientists and physicians at Dhaka Community Hospital in Dhaka to build sanitary "dugwells" in several villages to replace the older insanitary wells and the arsenic laden tube wells.   He emphasizes the importance of reliable and frequent measurement so that the results may be convincing even to a politician or banker.    He has started the  ARSENIC FOUNDATION Inc.  as a charitable organization to which every viewer of this page is invited to contribute.  This foundation not only continues the work but is now the official owner of the arsenic website.   Any gift thereto is exempt from US and UK taxes.    Here is a link to photographs from a visit in 2004.
 
 
Terrorism
 

   After the terrible event of September 11th 2001, there was sympathy all over the world.  The picture shows a Palestinian boy in Jerusalem reminding us that "terror is our common enemy".  This message is very important.  Terror, whether it be the killing of innocent civilans by a suicide bomber, or the extra judicial targeted assassinations by a country that professes the rule of law, cannot be condoned or excused.     But while emphasizing this on all possible occasions, it is important to search for reasons why a person or state engages in such evil acts and to adjust individual and societal life to reduce these reasons.  In lectures at international conferences in London (Global Foundation in December 2001),  in Florida (Global Foundation in December 2001), at the PSAM6 conference  in Puerto Rico (June 2002), and at the International Seminar on Planetary Emergencies in  Erice, Sicily (August 2002), Dr Wilson addresses various complications   that arise when considering terrorism. In a slightly different form he presented a paper at a conference on bioterrorism in Alburquerque in March 2003.   He discussed three facets of combating terrorism.  the first and most important is preventing a person becoming a terrorist.  What is the root cause of a terrorist action?  How do you  find the planner?   and what is  a terrorist?  hen is a man a terrorist and when is he  a freedom  fighter?     Is a terrorist a coward   if he blows himself up?    We note that calling someone "coward" is a reactive approach rather than a positive approach of making society somewhat safer.   The whole issue of   terrorism is closely connected  with one of human rights, because often  the denial of human rights leads  an individual to despair, and then can lead the individual to tolerate terrorism or even to become a terrorist.   A second task is to keep weapons out of the hands of terrorists.  This is, of course, not possible for "ordinary weapons, including assault weapons, but it is important for nuclear, biological and chemical weapons (in that order).  Thirdly is the task that the Bush administration of the USA  has emphasized of keeping a terrorist away from civilized society, and its corollary of keeping weapons of ever more destructive power out of the hands of terrorists.   Fourthly is mitigating the consequences of a terrorist attack.    It is the third task that inevitably brings governments into a conflict with desires for human freedom, and liberty of expression and action.  Such conflicts must be continuously discussed and resolved.   We are deeply concerned that the present desire of the of the US administration to allow its decisions to be unfettered by the courts is very dangerous.   The processes in the USA in the 4 1/2 years since 9/11 have far too much similarity to the processes in Central Europe in the years following the Reichtag fire in 1933 for comfort.   A fourth task is to make society less vulnerable.    Most, if not all, terrorist events are similar to other events that have occurred in our society.   In this it is  pointed out that analytical tools are already in existence to address these -  the "event tree analyses" conducted primarily for nuclear power points and for few other facilities.  Society must pay more attention to the "low probability - high consequence accident". Terrorists will look for such possible accidents and increase the probability.     We freely admit that these distinctions are often fine ones.  But making them may be essential for the peace, and even future existence, of the world.    Moreover it is in this 4th task that ordinary people in society can alter their every day behavior to make a terrorist action less dangerous and less likely.     However,  too many Americans, not brought up in dangerous situations like world war II Europe, mistakenly expect the "government" to do everything.     The fear of terrorism has brought many people, including the President of the USA to accept an old evil:  the attempt to get information by torture.     We believe that is unacceptable and we support the "Physicians for Human Rights" in their campaign against torture.  A  list of information on Mitigation of Terrorist Actions.

 

Iraq and Iran

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    Iraq had some fine politicians before July 14th 1958 when it was destabilized by the cold war.  The memoirs of Fadhel Jamali,  one of the original signers of the UN Charter are on this site.

    Since 1979 Richard Wilson has often traveled to many Arab countries, and to Iraq in December 1982.   Like most others, he was appalled by Saddam Hussein's inhumanities to his own people and to others.    But he was deeply troubled that the USA decided to  attack Iraq in 2003 when all neighbors were overtly opposing such an action, and the UN security council was opposed to it.   But the USA and the UK did take over Iraq, and he is working to help the people of Iraq to find a lasting peace that they have only known for brief periods since the revolution of July 14th 1958.  In particular to help Baghdad University and other universities, regain intellectual contact with the rest of the world.   He has been the host for several academic visits to Harvard University and Boston area universities.    Unfortunately from summer 2006 for 2 years it was dangerous for them even in Baghdad University.   In summer 2998 the Iraqi government seems to be taking hold and establishing its authority.   While it seems likely that they will need external help for awhile, the Prime Minister, Mr Maliki,  is showing his spine by demanding that in any military agreement with the USA full Iraqi sovereignty over all activities must be maintained.   This should be welcomed by the USA.   He gave an excellent lecture in the Harvard University Department of Physics by Dr Hussain Al-Shahristani, Deputy Prime Minister for Energy in Iraq, on April 25th 2012.   This is available on the physics department website.

    In 1978 Richard Wilson was worried about a possible "Islamic Bomb" as a counter to the Israeli possession of nuclear weapons.  But in 1981 he discovered that the activities at the time (including the OSIRAK reactor) were peaceful, and could be monitored.   He constantly reminds people that the Iraqi nuclear program before 1981 was peaceful, and the OSIRAK reactor was not only unsuited to making bombs but was under intensive international safeguards.  The 1981 bombing of this reactor did not delay Iraq's nuclear bomb program.  On the contrary it started it.   Either the President and Congress deliberately misled the American people in 2002-3 or they stupidly ignored experts who knew.   This is a lesson people must learn.    It might happen again with Iran unless we speak out to stop warmongers

    The present US policy with respect to Iran is, in our view, crazy and counterproductive.  Our goal should be to encourage openness in Iranian society.  It is vital to have person to person contacts at all levels, including of course nuclear scientists.  Yet it is just these contacts that are now officially inhibited.    I fear that we will make the same mistake with respect in Iran that Israel made in Iraq and by our bellicose actions we may start a military program rather than stop one.

 
Other Public Issues - particularly legal
 
    Over the years Dr Wilson has testified at a number   of  public federal and state hearings    on  various issues from nuclear power to risk analysis.   Dr Wilson   is a member  of  the Scientific Advisory Board of the Atlantic Legal Foundation , a public interest  foundation which specializes in contesting "junk" science  in the courts.  He is web master of their special "sound science" page.  ALF has  submitted  three briefs of "amicus curiae" to the US Supreme Court ( DAUBERT ,  JOINER    and KUMHO   decided by the Supreme Court in 1993  ( Daubert ),  and on March 23rd 1999 (Kumho)     and several (ASHLAND , CANAVAN and JENNINGS ) to state courts on behalf of a number of distinguished scientists on the  admissibility of scientific  evidence.  In these Richard Wilson was one of the "amici".   In  particular Professor Wilson has emphasized  that the data that suggest  that low frequency and low intensity magnetic fields cause cancer are unconvincing,  and that many such claims fall into this category of junk science.    In this he has criticized a 1998 draft report of a committee of the National Institute for Environmental Health Sciences . The Atlantic Legal Foundation also  criticized   this draft report on legal grounds.  The  Atlantic Legal Foundation submitted a brief of "amicus curiae"  (COVALT) to the Supreme Court of California  and to two district courts on the issue  of whether the court should take  seriously  claims that electromagnetic fields cause cancer.    The courts decided that they should NOT take the claims seriously.  He joined two Physics Nobel Laureates in submitting a brief of amicus curiae  to a Hawaii court supporting the start up of the Large Hadron Collider in CERN, Geneva, and opposing a proposed injunction to prevent operation.    On  behalf of the  Atlantic Legal Foundation, Richard Wilson started a web page: soundscience.info  (also addressable from this page) to outline these matters.   A paper in  Technology and Society  discusses this. 

World Federation of Scientists

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    He has often participated in meetings of the Ettore Majorana Institute of Scientific Culture in Erice and activities of the World Federation of Scientists (based in Geneva, Switzerland).   He was (2001-2005) Chairman of the Permanent Energy Monitoring Panel which meets at Erice, Sicily (August 2003, August 2004, August 2005) and is still (2012) a member thereof.    The informal webpage http://energypmp.org,  started in 2003,   is now in temporary abeyance  I attach here introductory comments at a session on non proliferation in summer 2006.  He is also a member of the Permanent Monitoring Panel on Terrorism. and he also has a page of information on Mitigation of Terrorist Actions.  For his work he was awarded the 2005 "Erice" prize for Science and Peace.

 

 
(click to order either in hard copy or electronic copy in either of two formats

 
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OLDER BOOKS BY RICHARD WILSON
Nucleon- Nucleon Interaction (Wiley-Interscience) 1963

Energy Ecology and the Environment (Academic Press  ISBN 0-12-757550-2) 1974 with William Jones
Health Effects of Fossil Fuel Burning   Ballinger (1980) with J Spengler
Risk-Benefit Analysis with Edmund A C Crouch
Particles in Our Air Harvard University Press  (1996)  edited with J Spengler
Risk-Benefit Analysis 2nd Edition  Harvard University Press.(2001) with Edmund AC Crouch
A Brief History of the Harvard Cyclotrons,  Harvard University Press. (2004)   also available on the web
         If the book is not available from HUP  Please inform me and I can arrange a copy personally